harmony 鸿蒙Obtaining and Accessing a User Directory

2025-06-12
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Obtaining and Accessing a User Directory

Obtaining and Accessing a User Directory (ArkTS)

You can use ohos.file.environment to allow a third-party application to access files in a user directory.

Constraints - The device must have the SystemCapability.FileManagement.File.Environment.FolderObtain system capability. Currently, only 2-in-1 devices are supported.

   if (!canIUse('SystemCapability.FileManagement.File.Environment.FolderObtain')) {
       console.error('this api is not supported on this device');
       return;
   }

The APIs for obtaining user directories do not verify the permissions for accessing the related user directories. To access the user directories, the caller must have the related permissions. If a third-party application needs to access a user directory, user authorization for access to the Download, Documents, or Desktop directory is required via a dialog box. For details, see Requesting User Authorization. json "requestPermissions" : [ "ohos.permission.READ_WRITE_DOWNLOAD_DIRECTORY", "ohos.permission.READ_WRITE_DOCUMENTS_DIRECTORY", "ohos.permission.READ_WRITE_DESKTOP_DIRECTORY", ]

Example

Obtain a user directory.

import { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit';
import { Environment } from '@kit.CoreFileKit';

function getUserDirExample() {
    try {
        const downloadPath = Environment.getUserDownloadDir();
        console.info(`success to getUserDownloadDir: ${downloadPath}`);
        const documentsPath = Environment.getUserDocumentDir();
        console.info(`success to getUserDocumentDir: ${documentsPath}`);
    } catch (error) {
        const err: BusinessError = error as BusinessError;
        console.error(`failed to get user dir, Error code: ${err.code}, message: ${err.message}`);
    }
}

Access files in the Download directory.

import { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit';
import { Environment } from '@kit.CoreFileKit';
import { fileIo as fs } from '@kit.CoreFileKit';
import { common } from '@kit.AbilityKit';

// Obtain the context from the component and ensure that the return value of this.getUIContext().getHostContext() is UIAbilityContext.
let context = this.getUIContext().getHostContext() as common.UIAbilityContext;

function readUserDownloadDirExample(context: common.UIAbilityContext) {
    // Check whether the caller has the READ_WRITE_DOWNLOAD_DIRECTORY permission. If not, apply for the permission from the user.
    try {
        // Obtain the path to the Download directory.
        const downloadPath = Environment.getUserDownloadDir();
        console.info(`success to getUserDownloadDir: ${downloadPath}`);
        const dirPath = context.filesDir;
        console.info(`success to get filesDir: ${dirPath}`);
        // List the files in the Download directory and copy them to the sandbox directory.
        let fileList: string[] = fs.listFileSync(downloadPath);
        fileList.forEach((file, index) => {
            console.info(`${downloadPath} ${index}: ${file}`);
            fs.copyFileSync(`${downloadPath}/${file}`, `${dirPath}/${file}`);
        });
        // List the files in the sandbox directory.
        fileList = fs.listFileSync(dirPath);
        fileList.forEach((file, index) => {
            console.info(`${dirPath} ${index}: ${file}`);
        });
    } catch (error) {
        const err: BusinessError = error as BusinessError;
        console.error(`Error code: ${err.code}, message: ${err.message}`);
    }
}

Save the file to the Download directory.

import { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit';
import { Environment } from '@kit.CoreFileKit';
import { fileIo as fs } from '@kit.CoreFileKit';

function writeUserDownloadDirExample() {
// Check whether the caller has the READ_WRITE_DOWNLOAD_DIRECTORY permission. If not, apply for the permission from the user.
    try {
        // Obtain the path to the Download directory.
        const downloadPath = Environment.getUserDownloadDir();
        console.info(`success to getUserDownloadDir: ${downloadPath}`);
        // Save temp.txt to the Download directory.
        const file = fs.openSync(`${downloadPath}/temp.txt`, fs.OpenMode.CREATE|fs.OpenMode.READ_WRITE);
        fs.writeSync(file.fd, 'write a message');
        fs.closeSync(file);
    } catch (error) {
        const err: BusinessError = error as BusinessError;
        console.error(`Error code: ${err.code}, message: ${err.message}`);
    }
}

Obtaining and Accessing a User Directory (C/C++)

In addition to ArkTS APIs, you can use C/C++ APIs to allow a third-party application to obtain and access a user directory. For details about the APIs, see Environment.

Constraints - The device must have SystemCapability.FileManagement.File.Environment.FolderObtain. - If a third-party application needs to access a user directory, user authorization for access to the Download, Documents, or Desktop directory is required via a dialog box. For details, see Requesting User Authorization.

Available APIs

For details about the APIs, see Environment.

API	Description
FileManagement_ErrCode OH_Environment_GetUserDownloadDir (char **result)	Obtains the sandbox path of the Download directory. This API is available only for 2-in-1 devices.
FileManagement_ErrCode OH_Environment_GetUserDesktopDir (char **result)	Obtains the sandbox path of the Desktop directory. This API is available only for 2-in-1 devices.
FileManagement_ErrCode OH_Environment_GetUserDocumentDir (char **result)	Obtains the sandbox path of the Documents directory. This API is available only for 2-in-1 devices.

How to Develop

Adding Dynamic Link Libraries

Add the following libraries to CMakeLists.txt.

target_link_libraries(sample PUBLIC libohenvironment.so libhilog_ndk.z.so)

Adding Header Files

#include <filemanagement/environment/oh_environment.h>
#include <filemanagement/fileio/oh_fileio.h>
#include <hilog/log.h>

Call OH_Environment_GetUserDownloadDir to obtain the sandbox path of the user Download directory. The memory allocated by malloc() must be released using free().
Example:

#include <cstdlib>

void GetUserDownloadDirExample()
{
    char *downloadPath = nullptr;
    FileManagement_ErrCode ret = OH_Environment_GetUserDownloadDir(&downloadPath);
    if (ret == 0) {
        OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "Download Path=%{public}s", downloadPath);
        free(downloadPath);
    } else {
        OH_LOG_ERROR(LOG_APP, "GetDownloadPath fail, error code is %{public}d", ret);
    }
}

Call OH_Environment_GetUserDownloadDir to obtain the sandbox path of the Download directory and view the files in it.
Example:

#include <cstdlib>
#include <dirent.h>

void ScanUserDownloadDirPathExample()
{
    // Obtain the Download path.
    char *downloadPath = nullptr;
    FileManagement_ErrCode ret = OH_Environment_GetUserDownloadDir(&downloadPath);
    if (ret == 0) {
        OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "Download Path=%{public}s", downloadPath);
    } else {
        OH_LOG_ERROR(LOG_APP, "GetDownloadPath fail, error code is %{public}d", ret);
        return;
    }
    // View the files in the Download directory.
    struct dirent **namelist = {nullptr};
    int num = scandir(downloadPath, &namelist, nullptr, nullptr);
    if (num < 0) {
        free(downloadPath);
        OH_LOG_ERROR(LOG_APP, "Failed to scan dir");
        return;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
        OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "%{public}s", namelist[i]->d_name);
    }
    free(downloadPath);
    free(namelist);
}

Call OH_Environment_GetUserDownloadDir to obtain the sandbox path of the user Download directory and save temp.txt to this directory.
Example:

#include <fstream>

void WriteUserDownloadDirPathExample()
{
    // Obtain the Download path.
    char *downloadPath = nullptr;
    FileManagement_ErrCode ret = OH_Environment_GetUserDownloadDir(&downloadPath);
    if (ret == 0) {
        OH_LOG_INFO(LOG_APP, "Download Path=%{public}s", downloadPath);
    } else {
        OH_LOG_ERROR(LOG_APP, "GetDownloadPath fail, error code is %{public}d", ret);
        return;
    }
    // Save a file to the Download directory.
    std::string filePath = std::string(downloadPath) + "/temp.txt";
    free(downloadPath);

    std::ofstream outfile;
    outfile.open(filePath.c_str());
    if (!outfile) {
        OH_LOG_ERROR(LOG_APP, "Failed to open file");
        return;
    }
    std::string msg = "Write a message";
    outfile.write(msg.c_str(), sizeof(msg));
    outfile.close();
}