Ark Bytecode Fundamentals

Overall Design

Overview

Ark bytecode is a binary file generated by the ArkCompiler from ArkTS/TS/JS code and provided for Ark Runtime to interpret and execute. Bytecode mainly contains Ark bytecode instructions.
This topic introduces the design of these instructions, covering key concepts, specific formats, and meanings to help you understand and work with Ark bytecode instructions effectively.
An Ark bytecode instruction consists of an operation code (instruction name) and a list of parameters. An operation code can be prefix-free or prefixed. Registers, immediate values, string id, method id, and literal id can be used as parameters. In addition, the accumulator can be used as a default parameter in some instructions.
In addition to registers and accumulator, Ark bytecode supports four value storage mechanisms: global variables, module namespaces and variables, lexical environments and variables, and patch variables. Instructions can reference values from these storage locations as parameters.

Terms and Constraints

Terms

The following table lists the terms used in this topic.

Term	Description
acc	Accumulator, a special register in the Ark bytecode.
bit	A binary digit, represented as a bit in this topic.
hole	An uninitialized object or variable.
id	Index, a general term for string id, method id, or literal id.
string id	A 16-bit number indexing a string.
method id	A 16-bit number indexing a method.
literal id	A 16-bit number indexing a literal array.
lexical environment	A semantic environment storing closure variables.
lexical variable	A closure variable stored in the lexical environment.

Constraints

All code examples provided in this topic adhere to the ArkTS language specifications.
This topic is applicable only to Ark bytecode of version 12.0.6.0. The version number is an internal field of the ArkCompiler and does not require your attention.

Bytecode Composition

Operation Codes and Prefixes

Operation codes in Ark bytecode are typically 8-bit values, allowing for up to 256 unique opcodes. However, as the ArkCompiler's functionality has expanded, the number of operation codes has exceeded 256. To accommodate this, the Ark bytecode introduces prefixes, expanding the maximum operation code width from 8 bits to 16 bits. 8-bit operation codes (prefix-free) are used for common instructions, whereas 16-bit operation codes (prefixed) are used for less frequent ones.
Prefixed operation codes are stored in little-endian format, composed of an 8-bit operation code and an 8-bit prefix. During encoding, the operation code is shifted left by 8 bits and then ORed with the prefix.

Prefix	Mnemonic	Description
0xfe	throw	Conditional/Unconditional throw instruction.
0xfd	wide	Instructions with wider encoding widths for immediate values, IDs, or register indexes.
0xfc	deprecated	Instructions no longer generated by the ArkCompiler. They are used only for runtime compatibility. These instructions are not described in the following sections.
0xfb	callruntime	Instructions for calling runtime methods.

The mnemonic form of a prefixed operation code is prefix mnemonic.operation code mnemonic. For example, wide.stlexvar combines the prefix wide (0xfd) with the operation code stlexvar (0x0d), resulting in the prefixed operation code 0x0dfd.

Registers and Accumulator

The Ark Virtual Machine (VM) uses a register-based model with virtual registers. When a register holds a primitive value, it is 64 bits wide; when it holds an object reference, its width adjusts accordingly.
A special invisible register called the accumulator (acc) is used in the Ark bytecode. The acc serves as the default target for many instructions and as a default parameter for others, helping to produce more compact bytecode without consuming additional encoding width.

Example:

function foo(): number {
    return 1;
}

Related instructions in the bytecode:

.function any .foo(any a0, any a1, any a2) {
    ldai 0x1
    return
}

ldai 0x1: loads integer literal 1 to the acc.
return: returns the value in the acc.

immediate values

Some instructions use constants to represent integer values, double-precision floating-point values, or jump offsets. These constants, known as immediate values, can be 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bit.

Method, String, and Literal Indexes

The Ark bytecode stores offsets for all methods, strings, and literal arrays used in the source file. Literal arrays contain various literals, such as integer numbers, string offsets, and method offsets. In Ark bytecode instructions, these indexes are 16-bit values, referred to as method indexes (method id), string indexes (string id), and literal indexes (literal id). These indexes are encoded in instructions to reference methods, strings, and literal arrays.

Value Storage Mechanisms

Global Variables

In Script build mode, global variables are stored in a globally unique mapping, with the variable name as the key and its value as the value. Global variables can be accessed using global-related instructions.

Example:

function foo(): void {
    a += 2;
    b = 5;
}

Related instructions in the bytecode:

.function any .foo(any a0, any a1, any a2) {
    tryldglobalbyname 0x0, a
    sta v4
    ldai 0x2
    add2 0x1, v4
    trystglobalbyname 0x2, a
    ldai 0x5
    trystglobalbyname 0x3, b
    ...
}

tryldglobalbyname 0x0, a: loads a global variable named a to the acc. If this variable does not exist, an exception is thrown.
trystglobalbyname 0x2, a: stores the value of the acc to a global variable named a. If this variable does not exist, an exception is thrown.
trystglobalbyname 0x3, b: stores the value of the acc to a global variable named b. If this variable does not exist, an exception is thrown.

NOTE

0x0, 0x2, and 0x3 in the preceding instructions are reserved for internal use in the Ark Runtime.

Module Namespaces and Variables

All module namespaces used in the source file are compiled into arrays, referenced by instructions using indexes. For example, getmodulenamespace 0x1 references the module namespace at index 0x1.
All module variables used in the source file are compiled into arrays, referenced by instructions using indexes. For example, stmodulevar 0x1 references a module variable at index 0x1.
In a function, if the declaration of a module variable is in the same source file as the function, the variable is called a local module variable. Otherwise, it is called an external module variable. For example, ldlocalmodulevar and ldexternalmodulevar are used to load local module variables and external module variables, respectively.
Scenarios for generating module instructions include import and export. The main scenarios are as follows:

import * as: module namespace
import { }: module variable
export: local export

NOTE

Module-related logic is an internal implementation detail of the compiler. As the ArkCompiler evolves, new scenarios involving module instructions may emerge, and existing ones may change due to evolving requirements or code refactoring.

Example:

import { a, b } from "./module_foo"
import * as c from "./module_bar"

export let d: number = 3;

a + b + d;

Related instructions in the bytecode:

.function any .func_main_0(any a0, any a1, any a2) {
    getmodulenamespace 0x1
    ldai 0x3
    stmodulevar 0x0
    ldexternalmodulevar 0x0
    sta v0
    throw.undefinedifholewithname a
    ldexternalmodulevar 0x1
    sta v1
    throw.undefinedifholewithname b
    lda v1
    add2 0x0, v0
    sta v0
    ldlocalmodulevar 0x0
    sta v1
    throw.undefinedifholewithname d
    lda v1
    add2 0x1, v0
    ...
}

getmodulenamespace 0x1: obtains the module namespace (c) of slot 1 and stores it in the acc.
stmodulevar 0x0: stores the values in the acc into slot 0 of the current module.
ldexternalmodulevar 0x0: loads the value (a) of slot 0 of the external module and stores it in the acc.
ldlocalmodulevar 0x0: loads the value (d) of slot 0 of the current local module and stores it in the acc.

Lexical Environments and Lexical Variables

In Ark bytecode, a lexical environment may be considered as an array with multiple slots, and each slot corresponds to one lexical variable. A method may contain multiple lexical environments. Instructions reference lexical variables using the relative nesting level and slot index of the lexical environment. For example, ldlexvar 0x1, 0x2 loads the value from slot 0x2 of the lexical environment one level outside the current lexical environment into the acc.

|xxx|xxx|xxx|xxx|  <-- Lexical environment one level outside the current lexical environment.
         ^
       |------------ ldlexvar 0x1, 0x2

|xxx|xxx|xxx|xxx|  <-- Current lexical environment.

NOTE
The logic related to lexical is used in the compiler. With subsequent evolution of the ArkCompiler, new scenarios involving lexical instructions may emerge. On the other hand, existing lexical instruction-related scenarios may no longer generates lexical instructions as requirements evolve and code is reconstructed. Example:

function foo(): void {
    let a: number = 1;
    function bar(): number {
        return a;
    }
}

Related instructions in the bytecode:

.function any .foo(any a0, any a1, any a2) {
    newlexenv 0x1
    ...
    definefunc 0x0, .bar, 0x0
    sta v3
    ldai 0x1 
    ...
    stlexvar 0x0, 0x0
    ...
}    

.function any .bar(any a0, any a1, any a2) {
    ...
    ldlexvar 0x0, 0x0
    ...
}

newlexenv 0x1: creates a lexical environment with one slot, stores it in the acc, and enters this environment.
stlexvar 0x0, 0x0: stores the value in the acc into slot 0 of the lexical environment 0 level outside the current lexical environment.
ldlexvar 0x0, 0x0: stores the value from slot 0 of the lexical environment 0 level outside the current lexical environment into the acc.

Shared Lexical Environments

Shared lexical environments are a special type of lexical environment Unlike regular lexical environments, each lexical variable in a shared lexical environment is a Sendable object. The ArkCompiler uses shared lexical environments to enable sharing of lexical variables across multiple threads.

Example:

@Sendable
class A { }

@Sendable
class B {
    u: A = new A()
}

Related instructions in the bytecode:

.function any .#~B=#B(any a0, any a1, any a2) {
label_1: 
label_0: 
	callruntime.ldsendablevar 0x0, 0x0
	sta v0
	throw.undefinedifholewithname A
	...
label_2: 
}

.function any .func_main_0(any a0, any a1, any a2) {
label_1: 
label_0: 
	callruntime.newsendableenv 0x1
	...
	callruntime.definesendableclass 0x0, .#~A=#A, _3, 0x0, v0
	callruntime.stsendablevar 0x0, 0x0
	...
label_2: 
}

an instruction callruntime.newsendableenv 0x1: creates a shared lexical environment with one slot and enters this lexical environment.
callruntime.stsendablevar 0x0, 0x0: stores the value in the acc into slot 0 of the lexical environment outside level 0.
callruntime.ldsendablevar 0x0, 0x0: stores the value from slot 0 of the lexical environment 0 level outside the current lexical environment into the acc.

Patch Variables

The ArkCompiler supports patch mode compilation. When a source file is modified, patch mode compilation generates a patch bytecode that, together with the original bytecode, completes the functional update. During patch mode compilation, patch variables generated by the ArkCompiler are stored in a special patch lexical environment. Instructions in the Ark bytecode use slot numbers from the patch lexical environment to reference patch variables. For example, the instruction ldpatchvar 0x1 is used to load the patch variable from slot 1.

Example:

function bar(): void {} // Add a statement and compile the patch.

function foo(): void {
    bar(); // Add a statement and compile the patch.
}

Related instructions in the bytecode:

.function any foo(...) {
    ...
    wide.ldpatchvar 0x0
    sta v4
    lda v4
    callarg0 0x0
    ...
}

.function any patch_main_0(...) {
    newlexenv 0x1
    definefunc 0x1, bar:(any,any,any), 0x0
    wide.stpatchvar 0x0
    ...
}

wide.stpatchvar 0x0: stores the bar function into slot 0 of the patch lexical environment.
wide.ldpatchvar 0x0: stores the value from slot 0 in the patch lexical environment into the acc.

Function Call Specifications

For a method with N formal parameters, the last N+3 registers are used to pass parameters. The first three registers are fixed to represent the function object (FunctionObject), new.target (NewTarget), and this from the lexical environment where the function resides. The subsequent N registers correspond to the N formal parameters.

Example:

function foo(a: number, b: number): void {}

Related instructions in the bytecode:

.function any .foo(any a0, any a1, any a2, any a3, any a4) {
    // a0: FunctionObject
    // a1: NewTarget
    // a2: this 
    // a3: a
    // a4: b
}

Bytecode Format Description

Mnemonic	Semantic Description
ID16	8-bit operation code and 16-bit id
IMM16	8-bit operation code and 16-bit immediate value
IMM16_ID16	8-bit operation code, 16-bit immediate value, and 16-bit id
IMM16_ID16_ID16_IMM16_V8	8-bit operation code, 16-bit immediate value, two 16-bit id, 16-bit immediate value, and 8-bit register
IMM16_ID16_IMM8	8-bit operation code, 16-bit immediate value, 16-bit id, and 8-bit immediate value
IMM16_ID16_V8	8-bit operation code, 16-bit immediate value, 16-bit id, and 8-bit register
IMM16_IMM16	8-bit operation code and two 16-bit immediate values
IMM16_IMM8_V8	8-bit operation code, 16-bit immediate value, 8-bit immediate value, and 8-bit register
IMM16_V8	8-bit operation code, 16-bit immediate value, and 8-bit register
IMM16_V8_IMM16	8-bit operation code, 16-bit immediate value, 8-bit register, and 16-bit immediate value
IMM16_V8_V8	8-bit operation code, 16-bit immediate value, and two 8-bit registers
IMM32	8-bit operation code and 32-bit immediate value
IMM4_IMM4	8-bit operation code and two 4-bit immediate values
IMM64	8-bit operation code and 64-bit immediate value
IMM8	8-bit operation code and 8-bit immediate value
IMM8_ID16	8-bit operation code, 8-bit immediate value, and 16-bit id
IMM8_ID16_ID16_IMM16_V8	8-bit operation code, 8-bit immediate value, two 16-bit id, 16-bit immediate value, and 8-bit register
IMM8_ID16_IMM8	8-bit operation code, 8-bit immediate value, 16-bit id, 8-bit immediate value
IMM8_ID16_V8	8-bit operation code, 8-bit immediate value, 16-bit id, and 8-bit register
IMM8_IMM16	8-bit operation code, 8-bit immediate value, and 16-bit immediate value
IMM8_IMM8	8-bit operation code and two 8-bit immediate values
IMM8_IMM8_V8	8-bit operation code, two 8-bit immediate values, and 8-bit register
IMM8_V8	8-bit operation code, 8-bit immediate value, and 8-bit register
IMM8_V8_IMM16	8-bit operation code, 8-bit immediate value, 8-bit register, and 16-bit immediate value
IMM8_V8_V8	8-bit operation code, 8-bit immediate value, and two 8-bit registers
IMM8_V8_V8_V8	8-bit operation code, 8-bit immediate value, and three 8-bit registers
IMM8_V8_V8_V8_V8	8-bit operation code, 8-bit immediate value, and four 8-bit registers
NONE	8-bit operation code
PREF_IMM16	16-bit prefixed operation code, 16-bit immediate value
PREF_IMM16_ID16	16-bit prefixed operation code, 16-bit immediate value, and 16-bit id
PREF_IMM16_V8	16-bit prefixed operation code, 16-bit immediate value, and 8-bit register
PREF_IMM16_V8_V8	16-bit prefixed operation code, 16-bit immediate value, and two 8-bit registers
PREF_IMM8	16-bit prefixed operation code and 8-bit immediate value
PREF_NONE	16-bit prefixed operation code
PREF_V8	16-bit prefixed operation code and 8-bit register
PREF_V8_ID16	16-bit prefixed operation code, 8-bit register, and 16-bit id
PREF_V8_IMM32	16-bit prefixed operation code, 8-bit register, and 32-bit immediate value
V16_V16	8-bit operation code and two 16-bit registers
V4_V4	8-bit operation code and two 4-bit registers
V8	8-bit operation code and 8-bit register
V8_IMM16	8-bit operation code, 8-bit register, and 16-bit immediate value
V8_IMM8	8-bit operation code, 8-bit register, and 8-bit immediate value
V8_V8	8-bit operation code and two 8-bit registers
V8_V8_V8	8-bit operation code and three 8-bit registers
V8_V8_V8_V8	8-bit operation code and four 8-bit registers

Bytecode Summary

The table below summarizes all Ark bytecode instructions in the current version. The register index, immediate value, and id are described using a character to represent each four-bit width.
For example, consider the instruction defineclasswithbuffer RR, @AAAA, @BBBB, +CCCC, vDD:

defineclasswithbuffer: mnemonic for the operation code.
RR: 8-bit reserved number used internally during the Ark runtime. The number mentioned here is just an example showing a complete instruction format.
@AAAA, @BBBB: 16-bit id
+CCCC: 16-bit immediate value
vDD: 8-bit register index

Operation Code	Format	Mnemonic/Syntax	Parameters	Description
0x00	NONE	ldundefined		Loads undefined to the acc.
0x01	NONE	ldnull		Loads null to the acc.
0x02	NONE	ldtrue		Loads true to the acc.
0x03	NONE	ldfalse		Loads false to the acc.
0x04	NONE	createemptyobject		Creates an empty object and stores it in the acc.
0x05	IMM8	createemptyarray RR	R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Creates an empty array and stores it in the acc.
0x06	IMM8_ID16	createarraywithbuffer RR, @AAAA	R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: 16-bit literal id	Uses the literal array corresponding to index A to create an array object and stores it in the acc.
0x07	IMM8_ID16	createobjectwithbuffer RR, @AAAA	R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: 16-bit literal id	Uses the literal array corresponding to index A to create an object and stores it in the acc.
0x08	IMM8_IMM8_V8	newobjrange RR, +AA, vBB	R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: number of parameters B: class object B + 1, ..., B + A - 1: parameter passed to the constructor	Uses B + 1, ..., B + A - 1 as a parameter to create an instance of class B and stores it in the acc.
0x09	IMM8	newlexenv +AA	A: number of slots in the lexical environment	Creates a lexical environment with slot A, stores it in the acc, and enters the lexical environment.
0x0a	IMM8_V8	add2 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A + acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x0b	IMM8_V8	sub2 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A - acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x0c	IMM8_V8	mul2 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A * acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x0d	IMM8_V8	div2 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A / acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x0e	IMM8_V8	mod2 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A % acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x0f	IMM8_V8	eq RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A == acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x10	IMM8_V8	noteq RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A != acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x11	IMM8_V8	less RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A < acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x12	IMM8_V8	lesseq RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A <= acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x13	IMM8_V8	greater RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A > acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x14	IMM8_V8	greatereq RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A >= acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x15	IMM8_V8	shl2 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A << acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x16	IMM8_V8	shr2 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A >>> acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x17	IMM8_V8	ashr2 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A >> acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x18	IMM8_V8	and2 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A & acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x19	IMM8_V8	or2 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A \|acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x1a	IMM8_V8	xor2 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A ^ acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x1b	IMM8_V8	exp RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: operand	Calculates `A ** acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x1c	IMM8	typeof RR	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Calculates `typeof acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x1d	IMM8	tonumber RR	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Uses the acc as a parameter, executes ToNumber, and stores the result in the acc.
0x1e	IMM8	tonumeric RR	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Uses the acc as a parameter, executes ToNumeric, and stores the result in the acc.
0x1f	IMM8	neg RR	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Calculates `-acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x20	IMM8	not RR	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Calculates `~acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x21	IMM8	inc RR	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Calculates `acc + 1` and stores the result in the acc.
0x22	IMM8	dec RR	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Calculates `acc - 1` and stores the result in the acc.
0x23	NONE	istrue	Default input parameter: acc: object	Calculates `acc == true` and stores the result in the acc.
0x24	NONE	isfalse	Default input parameter: acc: object	Calculates `acc == false` and stores the result in the acc.
0x25	IMM8_V8	isin RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object	Calculates `A in acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x26	IMM8_V8	instanceof RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object	Calculates `A instanceof acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x27	IMM8_V8	strictnoteq RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object	Calculates `acc !== A` and stores the result in the acc.
0x28	IMM8_V8	stricteq RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object	Calculates `acc === A` and stores the result in the acc.
0x29	IMM8	callarg0 RR	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Directly calls the function object stored in the acc without passing parameters and stores the result in the acc.
0x2a	IMM8_V8	callarg1 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Parameter	Uses A as a parameter to call the function object stored in the acc and stores the result in the acc.
0x2b	IMM8_V8_V8	callargs2 RR, vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A and B: parameters	Uses A and B as parameters to call the function object stored in the acc and stores the result in the acc.
0x2c	IMM8_V8_V8_V8	callargs3 RR, vAA, vBB, vCC	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A, B, C: parameter	Uses A, B, and C as parameters to call the function object stored in the acc and stores the result in the acc.
0x2d	IMM8_V8	callthis0 RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object	Sets this to A, calls the function object stored in the acc without passing parameters, and stores the result in the acc.
0x2e	IMM8_V8_V8	callthis1 RR, vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: parameter	Sets this to A, calls the function object stored in the acc by setting B as a parameter, and stores the result in the acc.
0x2f	IMM8_V8_V8_V8	callthis2 RR, vAA, vBB, vCC	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B, C: parameter	Sets this to A, calls the function object stored in the acc by setting B and C as parameters, and stores the result in the acc.
0x30	IMM8_V8_V8_V8_V8	callthis3 RR, vAA, vBB, vCC, vDD	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B, C, D: parameter	Sets this to A, calls the function object stored in the acc by setting B, C, and D as parameters, and stores the result in the acc.
0x31	IMM8_IMM8_V8	callthisrange RR, +AA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: number of parameters B: object B + 1, ..., B + A: parameter	Sets this to B, calls the function object stored in the acc by setting B + 1, ..., B + A as a parameter, and stores the result in the acc.
0x32	IMM8_IMM8_V8	supercallthisrange RR, +AA, vBB	R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: number of parameters B, ..., B + A - 1: parameter	Uses B, ..., B + A - 1 as a parameter to call the super function and stores the result in the acc. When the value of A is 0, the value of B is undefined. This instruction appears only in non-arrow functions.
0x33	IMM8_ID16_IMM8	definefunc RR, @AAAA, +BB	R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: method id B: number of formal parameters of method A	Creates the function object of method A and stores it in the acc.
0x34	IMM8_ID16_IMM8	definemethod RR, @AAAA, +BB	Default input parameter: acc: class object or its prototype. When the static method is used, the parameter is a class object in the acc. R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: method id B: number of formal parameters of method A	Creates the function object of method A, sets the object in the acc to the HomeObject property of the function object, and stores this function object in the acc.
0x35	IMM8_ID16_ID16_IMM16_V8	defineclasswithbuffer RR, @AAAA, @BBBB, +CCCC, vDD	R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: method id of the constructor of a class B: literal id C: number of formal parameters of method A D: parent class	Uses the literal array corresponding to index B and parent class D to create a class object of A and stores it in the acc.
0x36	V8	getnextpropname vAA	A: iterator	Executes the next method of for-in iterator A and stores the result in the acc.
0x37	IMM8_V8	ldobjbyvalue RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: property key R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object	Loads the property whose key is acc of object A and stores the result in the acc.
0x38	IMM8_V8_V8	stobjbyvalue RR, vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key is B of object A.
0x39	IMM8_V8	ldsuperbyvalue RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: property key R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object	In the current function, obtains the property whose key of super is acc and stores the property in the acc. If the property is of an accessor, the object in A is used as the this parameter when the getter function of the property is called.
0x3a	IMM8_IMM16	ldobjbyindex RR, +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: property key	Loads the property whose key is A of the object stored in the acc and stores the property in the acc.
0x3b	IMM8_V8_IMM16	stobjbyindex RR, vAA, +BBBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key is B of object A.
0x3c	IMM4_IMM4	ldlexvar +A, +B	A: lexical environment level B: slot number	Stores the value of slot B in the lexical environment beyond A levels in the acc.
0x3d	IMM4_IMM4	stlexvar +A, +B	Default input parameter: acc: value A: lexical environment level B: slot number	Stores the value in the acc to slot B in the lexical environment beyond A levels.
0x3e	ID16	lda.str @AAAA	A: string id	Stores the string corresponding to index A to acc.
0x3f	IMM8_ID16	tryldglobalbyname RR, @AAAA	R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Stores the global variable whose name is the string corresponding to index A in the acc. If the global variable named A does not exist, an exception is thrown.
0x40	IMM8_ID16	trystglobalbyname RR, @AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Stores the value in the acc to the global variable whose name is the string corresponding to index A. If the global variable named A does not exist, an exception is thrown.
0x41	IMM16_ID16	ldglobalvar RRRR, @AAAA	R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Stores the value of the global variable whose name is the string corresponding to index A in the acc. The variable must exist.
0x42	IMM8_ID16	ldobjbyname RR, @AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Loads the property whose key of the object stored in the acc is the string corresponding to index A and stores the property in the acc.
0x43	IMM8_ID16_V8	stobjbyname RR, @AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id B: object	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of object B is the string corresponding to index A.
0x44	V4_V4	mov vA, vB	A, B: register index	Copies the contents in register B to register A.
0x45	V8_V8	mov vAA, vBB	A, B: register index	Copies the contents in register B to register A.
0x46	IMM8_ID16	ldsuperbyname RR, @AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	In the current function, obtains the property whose key of super is the string corresponding to index A and stores the property in the acc. If the property is of an accessor, the object in the acc is used as the this parameter when the getter function of the property is called.
0x47	IMM16_ID16	stconsttoglobalrecord RRRR, @AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Stores the value in the acc to the constant of the string corresponding to index A defined by const in the global variable.
0x48	IMM16_ID16	sttoglobalrecord RRRR, @AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Stores the value in the acc to the variable of the string corresponding to index A defined by let in the global variable.
0x49	IMM8_ID16	ldthisbyname RR, @AAAA	R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Loads the property whose key of this is the string corresponding to index A and stores the result in the acc.
0x4a	IMM8_ID16	stthisbyname RR, @AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of this is the string corresponding to index A.
0x4b	IMM8	ldthisbyvalue RR	Default input parameter: acc: property key R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Loads the property whose key of this is acc and stores the result in the acc.
0x4c	IMM8_V8	stthisbyvalue RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of this is A.
0x4d	IMM8	jmp +AA	A: signed branch offset	Jumps to branch A unconditionally.
0x4e	IMM16	jmp +AAAA	A: signed branch offset	Jumps to branch A unconditionally.
0x4f	IMM8	jeqz +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc == 0` and jumps to branch A if it is true.
0x50	IMM16	jeqz +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc == 0` and jumps to branch A if it is true.
0x51	IMM8	jnez +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc != 0` and jumps to branch A if it is true.
0x52	IMM8	jstricteqz +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc === 0` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x53	IMM8	jnstricteqz +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc !== 0` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x54	IMM8	jeqnull +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc == null` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x55	IMM8	jnenull +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc != null` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x56	IMM8	jstricteqnull +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc === null` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x57	IMM8	jnstricteqnull +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc !== null` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x58	IMM8	jequndefined +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc == undefined` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x59	IMM8	jneundefined +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc != undefined` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x5a	IMM8	jstrictequndefined +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc === undefined` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x5b	IMM8	jnstrictequndefined +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc !== undefined` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x5c	V8_IMM8	jeq vAA, +BB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: value B: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc == A` and jumps to branch B if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x5d	V8_IMM8	jne vAA, +BB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: value B: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc != A` and jumps to branch B if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x5e	V8_IMM8	jstricteq vAA, +BB	Default input parameter: acc: object A: Object B: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc === A` and jumps to branch B if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x5f	V8_IMM8	jnstricteq vAA, +BB	Default input parameter: acc: object A: Object B: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc !== A` and jumps to branch B if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x60	V8	lda vAA	A: register index	Stores the contents of register A in the acc.
0x61	V8	sta vAA	Default input parameter: acc A: register index	Stores the contents of acc in register A.
0x62	IMM32	ldai +AAAAAAAA	A: constant literal	Stores the integer literal A in the acc.
0x63	IMM64	fldai +AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA	A: constant literal	Stores the double-precision floating-point literal A in the acc.
0x64	NONE	return	Default input parameter: acc: value	Returns the value in the acc.
0x65	NONE	returnundefined		Returns undefined.
0x66	NONE	getpropiterator	Default input parameter: acc: object	Stores the for-in iterator of the object in the acc.
0x67	IMM8	getiterator RR	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Executes the GetIterator (acc, sync) method and stores the result in the acc.
0x68	IMM8_V8	closeiterator RR, vAA	R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object	Uses A of the iteratorRecord type as a parameter to execute IteratorClose and stores the result in the acc.
0x69	NONE	poplexenv		Jumps out of the current lexical environment and enters the outer lexical environment.
0x6a	NONE	ldnan		Stores the nan value in the acc.
0x6b	NONE	ldinfinity		Stores the infinity value in the acc.
0x6c	NONE	getunmappedargs		Stores the arguments of the current function in the acc.
0x6d	NONE	ldglobal		Stores the global object in the acc.
0x6e	NONE	ldnewtarget		Stores the NewTarget implicit parameter of the current function in the acc. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x6f	NONE	ldthis		Stores the this value in the acc.
0x70	NONE	ldhole		Stores the hole value in the acc.
0x71	IMM8_ID16_IMM8	createregexpwithliteral RR, @AAAA, +BB	R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id B: regular expression modifier	Uses the string corresponding to index A and the modifier corresponding to index B to create a regular expression and stores it in the acc. The correspondence between B and a specified modifier is: 0 (default value with no modifier), 1 (g), 2 (i), 4 (m), 8 (s), 16 (u), 32 (y); B may also refer to a combination of modifiers that comply with syntax specifications, for example, 3 and its modifier is gi.
0x72	IMM16_ID16_IMM8	createregexpwithliteral RRRR, @AAAA, +BB	R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id B: regular expression modifier	Uses the string corresponding to index A and the modifier corresponding to index B to create a regular expression and stores it in the acc. The correspondence between B and a specified modifier is: 0 (default value with no modifier), 1 (g), 2 (i), 4 (m), 8 (s), 16 (u), 32 (y); B may also refer to a combination of modifiers that comply with syntax specifications, for example, 3 and its modifier is gi.
0x73	IMM8_IMM8_V8	callrange RR, +AA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: number of parameters B, ..., B + A - 1: parameter	Uses B, ..., B + A - 1 as a parameter to call the function object stored in the acc and stores the result in the acc.
0x74	IMM16_ID16_IMM8	definefunc RRRR, @AAAA, +BB	R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: method id B: number of formal parameters of method A	Creates the function object of method A and stores it in the acc.
0x75	IMM16_ID16_ID16_IMM16_V8	defineclasswithbuffer RRRR, @AAAA, @BBBB, +CCCC, vDD	R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: method id of the constructor of a class B: literal id C: number of formal parameters of method A D: parent class	Uses the literal array corresponding to index B and parent class D to create a class object of A and stores it in the acc.
0x76	IMM8	gettemplateobject RR	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Executes GetTemplateObject (acc) and stores the result in the acc.
0x77	IMM8_V8	setobjectwithproto RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: value	Sets the __proto__ property of the object stored in the acc to A.
0x78	IMM8_V8_V8	stownbyvalue RR, vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key is B of object A.
0x79	IMM8_V8_IMM16	stownbyindex RR, vAA, +BBBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key is B of object A.
0x7a	IMM8_ID16_V8	stownbyname RR, @AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id B: object	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of object B is the string corresponding to index A.
0x7b	IMM8	getmodulenamespace +AA	A: module index	Executes the GetModuleNamespace instruction for module A and stores the result in the acc.
0x7c	IMM8	stmodulevar +AA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: slot number	Stores the value in the acc to the module variable of slot A.
0x7d	IMM8	ldlocalmodulevar +AA	A: slot number	Stores the local module variables of slot A in the acc.
0x7e	IMM8	ldexternalmodulevar +AA	A: slot number	Stores the external module variable of slot A in the acc.
0x7f	IMM16_ID16	stglobalvar RRRR, @AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Stores the value in the acc to the global variable whose name is the string corresponding to index A. This variable must exist.
0x80	IMM16	createemptyarray RRRR	R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Creates an empty array and stores it in the acc.
0x81	IMM16_ID16	createarraywithbuffer RRRR, @AAAA	R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: literal id	Uses the literal array corresponding to index A to create an array object and stores it in the acc.
0x82	IMM16_ID16	createobjectwithbuffer RRRR, @AAAA	R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: literal id	Uses the literal array corresponding to index A to create an object and stores it in the acc.
0x83	IMM16_IMM8_V8	newobjrange RRRR, +AA, vBB	R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: number of parameters B: class object B + 1, ..., B + A - 1: parameter passed to the constructor	Uses B + 1, ..., B + A - 1 as a parameter to create an instance of class B and stores it in the acc.
0x84	IMM16	typeof RRRR	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Calculates `typeof acc` and stores the result in the acc.
0x85	IMM16_V8	ldobjbyvalue RRRR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: property key R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object	Loads the property whose key is acc of object A and stores the result in the acc.
0x86	IMM16_V8_V8	stobjbyvalue RRRR, vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key is B of object A.
0x87	IMM16_V8	ldsuperbyvalue RRRR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: property key R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object	In the current function, obtains the property whose key of super is acc and stores the property in the acc. If the property is of an accessor, the object in A is used as the this parameter when the getter function of the property is called.
0x88	IMM16_IMM16	ldobjbyindex RRRR, +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: property key	Loads the property whose key is A of the object stored in the acc and stores the property in the acc.
0x89	IMM16_V8_IMM16	stobjbyindex RRRR, vAA, +BBBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key is B of object A.
0x8a	IMM8_IMM8	ldlexvar +AA, +BB	A: lexical environment level B: slot number	Stores the value of slot B in the lexical environment beyond A levels in the acc.
0x8b	IMM8_IMM8	stlexvar +AA, +BB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: lexical environment level B: slot number	Stores the value in the acc to slot B in the lexical environment beyond A levels.
0x8c	IMM16_ID16	tryldglobalbyname RRRR, @AAAA	R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Stores the global variable whose name is the string corresponding to index A in the acc. If the global variable named A does not exist, an exception is thrown.
0x8d	IMM16_ID16	trystglobalbyname RRRR, @AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Stores the value in the acc to the global variable whose name is the string corresponding to index A. If the global variable named A does not exist, an exception is thrown.
0x8e	IMM8_ID16_V8	stownbynamewithnameset RR, @AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id B: object	Stores the function object in the acc to the property whose key of object B is the string corresponding to index A and sets the function name to the string corresponding to index A.
0x8f	V16_V16	mov vAAAA, vBBBB	A, B: register index	Copies the contents in register B to register A.
0x90	IMM16_ID16	ldobjbyname RRRR, @AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Loads the property whose key of the object stored in the acc is the string corresponding to index A and stores the property in the acc.
0x91	IMM16_ID16_V8	stobjbyname RRRR, @AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id B: object	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of object B is the string corresponding to index A.
0x92	IMM16_ID16	ldsuperbyname RRRR, @AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	In the current function, obtains the property whose key of super is the string corresponding to index A and stores the property in the acc. If the property is of an accessor, the object in the acc is used as the this parameter when the getter function of the property is called.
0x93	IMM16_ID16	ldthisbyname RRRR, @AAAA	R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Loads the property whose key of this is the string corresponding to index A and stores the result in the acc.
0x94	IMM16_ID16	stthisbyname RRRR, @AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of this is the string corresponding to index A.
0x95	IMM16	ldthisbyvalue RRRR	Default input parameter: acc: property key R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Loads the property whose key of this is acc and stores the result in the acc.
0x96	IMM16_V8	stthisbyvalue RRRR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of this is A.
0x97	V8	asyncgeneratorreject vAA	Default input parameter: acc: exception A: generator	Uses the exception stored in generator A and the acc, executes AsyncGeneratorReject, and stores the result in the acc.
0x98	IMM32	jmp +AAAAAAAA	A: signed branch offset	Jumps to branch A unconditionally.
0x99	IMM8_V8_V8	stownbyvaluewithnameset RR, vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of object A is B and set the function name to B.
0x9a	IMM32	jeqz +AAAAAAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc == 0` and jumps to branch A if it is true.
0x9b	IMM16	jnez +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc != 0` and jumps to branch A if it is true.
0x9c	IMM32	jnez +AAAAAAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc != 0` and jumps to branch A if it is true.
0x9d	IMM16	jstricteqz +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc === 0` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x9e	IMM16	jnstricteqz +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc !== 0` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0x9f	IMM16	jeqnull +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc == null` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0xa0	IMM16	jnenull +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc != null` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0xa1	IMM16	jstricteqnull +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc === null` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0xa2	IMM16	jnstricteqnull +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc !== null` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0xa3	IMM16	jequndefined +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc == undefined` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0xa4	IMM16	jneundefined +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc != undefined` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0xa5	IMM16	jstrictequndefined +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc === undefined` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0xa6	IMM16	jnstrictequndefined +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc !== undefined` and jumps to branch A if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0xa7	V8_IMM16	jeq vAA, +BBBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: value B: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc == A` and jumps to branch B if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0xa8	V8_IMM16	jne vAA, +BBBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: value B: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc != A` and jumps to branch B if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0xa9	V8_IMM16	jstricteq vAA, +BBBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: value B: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc === A` and jumps to branch B if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0xaa	V8_IMM16	jnstricteq vAA, +BBBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: value B: signed branch offset	Calculates `acc !== A` and jumps to branch B if it is true. The instruction feature is disabled and is unavailable currently.
0xab	IMM16	getiterator RRRR	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Executes the GetIterator (acc, sync) method and stores the result in the acc.
0xac	IMM16_V8	closeiterator RRRR, vAA	R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object	Uses A of the iteratorRecord type as a parameter to execute IteratorClose and stores the result in the acc.
0xad	NONE	ldsymbol		Load the Symbol object in acc.
0xae	NONE	asyncfunctionenter		Creates an asynchronous function object and store the object in the acc.
0xaf	NONE	ldfunction		Loads the current function object in the acc.
0xb0	NONE	debugger		Pauses execution during debugging.
0xb1	V8	creategeneratorobj vAA	A: function object	Uses function object A to create a generator and stores it in the acc.
0xb2	V8_V8	createiterresultobj vAA, vBB	A: Object B: Boolean value	Sets value A and done B as parameters to execute CreateIterResultObject instruction and stores the result in the acc.
0xb3	IMM8_V8_V8	createobjectwithexcludedkeys +AA, vBB, vCC	A: number of range registers B: object C, ..., C + A: property key value.	Based on object B, creates an object excluding the key C, ..., C + A and stores it in the acc. This instruction supports object creation by using destructor and extension syntax.
0xb4	IMM8_V8	newobjapply RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: parameter list R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: class object	Uses the parameter list stored in the acc to create an instance of class A and stores it in the acc.
0xb5	IMM16_V8	newobjapply RRRR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: parameter list R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: class object	Uses the parameter list stored in the acc to create an instance of class A and stores it in the acc.
0xb6	IMM8_ID16	newlexenvwithname +AA, @BBBB	A: number of slots in the lexical environment B: literal id	Uses the lexical variable name stored in the literal array corresponding to index B to create a lexical environment with A slots, stores this lexical environment in the acc, and enters the lexical environment.
0xb7	V8	createasyncgeneratorobj vAA	A: function object	Creates an asynchronous generator based on function object A and stores it in the acc.
0xb8	V8_V8_V8	asyncgeneratorresolve vAA, vBB, vCC	A: generator B: object C: boolean value	Uses generator A, value B, and done C as parameters to execute AsyncGeneratorResolve and stores the result in the acc.
0xb9	IMM8_V8	supercallspread RR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: class object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: parameter list	Uses parameter list A as a parameter, calls the parent class constructor of the class stored in the acc, and stores the result in the acc.
0xba	IMM8_V8_V8	apply RR, vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: parameter list	Sets this to A, use parameter list B as a parameter, calls the function object stored in the acc, and stores the return value in the acc.
0xbb	IMM8_IMM8_V8	supercallarrowrange RR, +AA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: class object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: number of parameters B, ..., B + A - 1: parameter	Uses B, ..., B + A - 1 as a parameter to call the constructor function of the parent class of the class stored in the acc and stores the result in the acc. If the value of A is 0, B is undefined. This instruction appears only in arrow functions.
0xbc	V8_V8_V8_V8	definegettersetterbyvalue vAA, vBB, vCC, vDD	Default input parameter: acc: boolean value, indicating whether to set a name for the accessor. A: Object B: property key C: getter function object D: setter function object	Uses getter method C and setter method D as parameters to define the accessor of the property whose key of object A is B and stores the result object in the acc. If C is undefined and D is undefined, getter and setter are not set respectively.
0xbd	NONE	dynamicimport	Default input parameter: acc: value	Uses the value in the acc as a parameter, executes ImportCalls, and stores the result in the acc.
0xbe	IMM16_ID16_IMM8	definemethod RRRR, @AAAA, +BB	Default input parameter: acc: class object or its prototype. When the static method is used, the parameter is a class object in the acc. R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: method id B: number of formal parameters of method A	Creates the function object of method A, sets the object in the acc to the HomeObject property of the function object, and stores this function object in the acc.
0xbf	NONE	resumegenerator	Default input parameter: acc: generator	Executes GeneratorResume based on the generator stored in the acc and stores the result in the acc.
0xc0	NONE	getresumemode	Default input parameter: acc: generator	After the generator finishes executing, obtains the restored value and stores it in the acc.
0xc1	IMM16	gettemplateobject RRRR	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Executes GetTemplateObject (acc) and stores the result in the acc.
0xc2	V8	delobjprop vAA	Default input parameter: acc: property key A: Object	Deletes the property whose key is acc of object A.
0xc3	V8	suspendgenerator vAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: generator	Uses the value stored in the acc to suspend generator A and stores the result in the acc.
0xc4	V8	asyncfunctionawaituncaught vAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: function object	Uses the function object A and the value in the acc to execute AwaitExpression and stores the result in the acc.
0xc5	V8	copydataproperties vAA	Default input parameter: acc: object A: target object	Copies all properties of the object stored in the acc to A and stores A in the acc.
0xc6	V8_V8	starrayspread vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: array B: array index	Stores the value in the acc to the position starting with index B of array A in the format of SpreadElement, and stores the length of the result array in the acc.
0xc7	IMM16_V8	setobjectwithproto RRRR, vAA	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: value	Sets the __proto__ property of the object stored in the acc to A.
0xc8	IMM16_V8_V8	stownbyvalue RRRR, vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key is B of object A.
0xc9	IMM8_V8_V8	stsuperbyvalue RR, vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: property key	In the current function, stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of super is B. If the property is of an accessor, the object in A is used as the this parameter when the setter function of the property is called.
0xca	IMM16_V8_V8	stsuperbyvalue RRRR, vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: property key	In the current function, stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of super is B. If the property is of an accessor, the object in A is used as the this parameter when the setter function of the property is called.
0xcb	IMM16_V8_IMM16	stownbyindex RRRR, vAA, +BBBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key is B of object A.
0xcc	IMM16_ID16_V8	stownbyname RRRR, @AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id B: object	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of object B is the string corresponding to index A.
0xcd	V8	asyncfunctionresolve vAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: asynchronous function object	Uses the value in the acc to parse the Promise object of object A and stores the result in the acc.
0xce	V8	asyncfunctionreject vAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: asynchronous function object	Uses the value in the acc to reject the Promise object of object A and stores the result in the acc.
0xcf	IMM8	copyrestargs +AA	A: position of the rest parameter in the formal parameter list	Copies the rest parameters and stores the parameter array copy in the acc.
0xd0	IMM8_ID16_V8	stsuperbyname RR, @AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id B: object	In the current function, stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of super is the string corresponding to index A. If the property is of an accessor, the object in B is used as the this parameter when the setter function of the property is called.
0xd1	IMM16_ID16_V8	stsuperbyname RRRR, @AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id B: object	In the current function, stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of super is the string corresponding to index A. If the property is of an accessor, the object in B is used as the this parameter when the setter function of the property is called.
0xd2	IMM16_V8_V8	stownbyvaluewithnameset RRRR, vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object B: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key of object A is B and set the function name to B.
0xd3	ID16	ldbigint @AAAA	A: string id	Creates a value of the BigInt type based on the string corresponding to index A and stores the value in the acc.
0xd4	IMM16_ID16_V8	stownbynamewithnameset RRRR, @AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: function object R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: string id B: object	Stores the function object in the acc to the property whose key of object B is the string corresponding to index A and sets the function name to the string corresponding to index A.
0xd5	NONE	nop		No operation.
0xd6	IMM8	setgeneratorstate +AA	Default input parameter: acc: generator object A: generator state	Sets the generator state stored in the acc to A. For details, see GeneratorState and AsyncGeneratorState. A may have the following values: undefined(0x0), suspendedStart(0x1), suspendedYield(0x2), executing(0x3), completed (0x4), and awaitingReturn (0x5).
0xd7	IMM8	getasynciterator RR	Default input parameter: acc: object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Executes the GetIterator (acc, async) and stores the result in the acc.
0xd8	IMM8_IMM16_IMM16	ldprivateproperty RR, +AAAA, +BBBB	Default input parameter: acc: object A: lexical environment level B: slot number	Loads and sets the value of slot B in the lexical environment beyond A levels as the property key, and stores the value corresponding to the key of the object in the acc.
0xd9	IMM8_IMM16_IMM16_V8	stprivateproperty RR, +AAAA, +BBBB, vCC	A: lexical environment level B: slot number C: object	Loads the value of slot B in the lexical environment beyond A levels as the property key and stores the value in the acc to the key of the object C stored in the acc.
0xda	IMM8_IMM16_IMM16	testin RR, +AAAA, +BBBB	Default input parameter: acc: object A: lexical environment level B: slot number	Loads the value of slot B in the lexical environment beyond A levels, calculates whether the value is in acc, and stores the result in the acc.
0xdb	IMM8_ID16_V8	definefieldbyname RR, @AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: string id B: object	Defines a property whose key is A for object B and store the value in the acc to the property.
0xdc	IMM8_ID16_V8	definepropertybyname RR, @AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: string id B: object	Defines a property whose key is A for object B and store the value in the acc to the property.
0xfb	PREF_NONE	callruntime.notifyconcurrentresult	Default input parameter: acc: return value of the concurrent function	Notifies the runtime of the return value of the concurrent function. This instruction appears only in concurrent functions.
0xfc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0xfd	PREF_IMM16_V8_V8	wide.createobjectwithexcludedkeys +AAAA, vBB, vCC	A: number of range registers B: object C, ..., C + A: property key value.	Based on object B, creates an object excluding the key C, ..., C + A and stores it in the acc. This instruction supports object creation by using destructor and extension syntax.
0xfe	PREF_NONE	throw	Default input parameter: acc: exception	Throws the exception stored in acc.
0x01fb	PREF_IMM8_V8_V8	callruntime.definefieldbyvalue RR, vAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: property key B: object	Defines a property whose key is A for object B and store the value in the acc to the property.
0x01fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x01fd	PREF_IMM16_V8	wide.newobjrange +AAAA, vBB	A: number of parameters B: class object B + 1, ..., B + A - 1: parameter passed to the constructor	Uses B + 1, ..., B + A - 1 as a parameter to create an instance of class B and stores it in the acc.
0x01fe	PREF_NONE	throw.notexists		Exception thrown: undefined method.
0x02fb	PREF_IMM8_IMM32_V8	callruntime.definefieldbyindex RR, +AAAAAAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: property key B: object	Defines a property whose key is A for object B and store the value in the acc to the property.
0x02fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x02fd	PREF_IMM16	wide.newlexenv +AAAA	A: number of slots in the lexical environment	Creates a lexical environment with slot A, stores it in the acc, and enters the lexical environment.
0x02fe	PREF_NONE	throw.patternnoncoercible		Throws an exception indicating that this object cannot be forcibly executed.
0x03fb	PREF_NONE	callruntime.topropertykey	Default input parameter: acc: value	Converts the value in the acc to the property value. If the conversion fails, an error is thrown.
0x03fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x03fd	PREF_IMM16_ID16	wide.newlexenvwithname +AAAA, @BBBB	A: number of slots in the lexical environment B: literal id	Uses the lexical variable name stored in the literal array corresponding to index B to create a lexical environment with A slots, stores this lexical environment in the acc, and enters the lexical environment.
0x03fe	PREF_NONE	throw.deletesuperproperty		Throws an exception indicating an attempt to delete the property of the parent class.
0x04fb	PREF_IMM_16_ID16	callruntime.createprivateproperty +AAAA, @BBBB	A: number of symbols to be created B: literal id	Creates A symbols. Obtain the stored private method from the literal array corresponding to index B. If a private instance method exists, an additional symbol ("method") will be created. Based on the creation sequence, place the created symbols at the end of the lexical environment where the current class is located. This instruction appears only when a class is defined.
0x04fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x04fd	PREF_IMM16_V8	wide.callrange +AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: function object A: number of parameters B, ..., B + A - 1: parameter	Uses B, ..., B + A - 1 as a parameter to call the function object stored in the acc and stores the result in the acc.
0x04fe	PREF_V8	throw.constassignment vAA	A: constant variable name	Throws an exception indicating a value is assigned to a constant variable.
0x05fb	PREF_IMM8_IMM_16_IMM_16_V8	callruntime.defineprivateproperty RR, +AAAA, +BBBB, vCC	Default input parameter: acc: value A: lexical environment level B: slot number C: object	Loads the value of slot B in the lexical environment beyond A levels, changes the value to acc, and adds it to object C as a private property.
0x05fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x05fd	PREF_IMM16_V8	wide.callthisrange +AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: function object A: number of parameters B: object B + 1, ..., B + A: parameter	Sets this to B, calls the function object stored in the acc by setting B + 1, ..., B + A as a parameter, and stores the result in the acc.
0x05fe	PREF_V8	throw.ifnotobject vAA	A: Object	Throws an exception if A is not an object.
0x06fb	PREF_IMM8_V8	callruntime.callinit +RR, vAA	acc: function object R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: Object	Sets this to A, calls the function object stored in the acc without passing parameters, and stores the result in the acc.
0x06fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x06fd	PREF_IMM16_V8	wide.supercallthisrange +AAAA, vBB	A: number of parameters B, ..., B + A - 1: parameter	Uses B, ..., B + A - 1 as a parameter to call the super function and stores the result in the acc. When the value of A is 0, the value of B is undefined. This instruction appears only in non-arrow functions.
0x06fe	PREF_V8_V8	throw.undefinedifhole vAA, vBB	A: Object B: object name	If the value of A is hole, throws an exception indicating that the value of B is undefined.
0x07fb	PREF_IMM16_ID16_ID16_IMM16_V8	callruntime.definesendableclass RRRR, @AAAA, @BBBB, +CCCC, vDD	R: 16-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime A: method id of the constructor of sendable class B: literal id C: number of formal parameters of method A D: parent class	Uses the literal array corresponding to index B and parent class D to create a class object of A and stores it in the acc.
0x07fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x07fd	PREF_IMM16_V8	wide.supercallarrowrange +AAAA, vBB	Default input parameter: acc: class object A: number of parameters B, ..., B + A - 1: parameter	Uses B, ..., B + A - 1 as a parameter to call the constructor function of the parent class of the class stored in the acc and stores the result in the acc. If the value of A is 0, B is undefined. This instruction appears only in arrow functions.
0x07fe	PREF_IMM8	throw.ifsupernotcorrectcall +AA	Default input parameter: acc: object A: error type	Throws an exception if super is not called properly.
0x08fb	PREF_IMM16	callruntime.ldsendableclass +AAAA	A: lexical environment level	Stores the Sendable class of the lexical environment beyond A levels in the acc.
0x08fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x08fd	PREF_IMM32	wide.ldobjbyindex +AAAAAAAA	Default input parameter: acc: object A: property key	Loads the property whose key is A of the object stored in the acc and stores the property in the acc.
0x08fe	PREF_IMM16	throw.ifsupernotcorrectcall +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: object A: error type	Throws an exception if super is not called properly.
0x09fb	PREF_IMM8	callruntime.ldsendableexternalmodulevar +AA	A: slot number	Stores the external module variable of slot A in the acc. This instruction is used only in Sendable classes and Sendable functions.
0x09fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x09fd	PREF_V8_IMM32	wide.stobjbyindex vAA, +BBBBBBBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: Object B: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key is B of object A.
0x09fe	PREF_ID16	throw.undefinedifholewithname @AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: object A: string id	If the value in the acc is hole, throws an exception indicating that the value of A is undefined.
0x0afb	PREF_IMM16	callruntime.wideldsendableexternalmodulevar +AAAA	A: slot number	Stores the external module variable of slot A in the acc. This instruction is used only in Sendable classes and Sendable functions.
0x0afc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x0afd	PREF_V8_IMM32	wide.stownbyindex vAA, +BBBBBBBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: Object B: property key	Stores the value in the acc to the property whose key is B of object A.
0x0bfb	PREF_IMM8	callruntime.newsendableenv +AA	A: number of slots in a shared lexical environment	Creates a shared lexical environment with slot A and enters the lexical environment.
0x0bfc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x0bfd	PREF_IMM16	wide.copyrestargs +AAAA	A: start position of the rest parameters in the formal parameter list	Copies the rest parameters and stores the parameter array copy in the acc.
0x0cfb	PREF_IMM16	callruntime.widenewsendableenv +AAAA	A: number of slots in a shared lexical environment	Creates a shared lexical environment with slot A and enters the lexical environment.
0x0cfc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x0cfd	PREF_IMM16_IMM16	wide.ldlexvar +AAAA, +BBBB	A: lexical environment level B: slot number	Stores the value of slot B in the lexical environment beyond A levels in the acc.
0x0dfb	PREF_IMM4_IMM4	callruntime.stsendablevar +A +B	Default input parameter: acc: value A: shared lexical environment level B: slot number	Stores the value in the acc to slot B in the shared lexical environment beyond A levels.
0x0dfc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x0dfd	PREF_IMM16_IMM16	wide.stlexvar +AAAA, +BBBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: lexical environment level B: slot number	Stores the value in the acc to slot B in the lexical environment beyond A levels.
0x0efb	PREF_IMM8_IMM8	callruntime.stsendablevar +AA +BB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: shared lexical environment level B: slot number	Stores the value in the acc to slot B in the shared lexical environment beyond A levels.
0x0efc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x0efd	PREF_IMM16	wide.getmodulenamespace +AAAA	A: module index	Executes the GetModuleNamespace instruction for module A and stores the result in the acc.
0x0ffb	PREF_IMM16_IMM16	callruntime.widestsendablevar +AAAA +BBBB	Default input parameter: acc: value A: shared lexical environment level B: slot number	Stores the value in the acc to slot B in the shared lexical environment beyond A levels.
0x0ffc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x0ffd	PREF_IMM16	wide.stmodulevar +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: slot number	Stores the value in the acc to the module variable of slot A.
0x10fb	PREF_IMM4_IMM4	callruntime.ldsendablevar +A +B	A: shared lexical environment level B: slot number	Stores the value of slot B in the shared lexical environment beyond A levels in the acc.
0x10fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x10fd	PREF_IMM16	wide.ldlocalmodulevar +AAAA	A: slot number	Stores the local module variables of slot A in the acc.
0x11fb	PREF_IMM8_IMM8	callruntime.ldsendablevar +AA + BB	A: shared lexical environment level B: slot number	Stores the value of slot B in the shared lexical environment beyond A levels in the acc.
0x11fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x11fd	PREF_IMM16	wide.ldexternalmodulevar +AAAA	A: slot number	Stores the external module variable of slot A in the acc.
0x12fb	PREF_IMM16_IMM16	callruntime.wideldsendablevar +AAAA +BBBB	A: shared lexical environment level B: slot number	Stores the value of slot B in the shared lexical environment beyond A levels in the acc.
0x12fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x12fd	PREF_IMM16	wide.ldpatchvar +AAAA	A: slot number of the patch variable	Loads the patch variable of slot A to the acc. This instruction is used only build scenarios under the patch mode.
0x13fb	PREF_IMM8	callruntime.istrue +RR	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Calculates `acc == true` and stores the result in the acc.
0x13fc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.
0x13fd	PREF_IMM16	wide.stpatchvar +AAAA	Default input parameter: acc: value A: slot number of the patch variable	Stores the value in the acc to the patch variable of slot A. This instruction is used only build scenarios under the patch mode.
0x14fb	PREF_IMM8	callruntime.isfalse +RR	Default input parameter: acc: operand R: 8-bit reserved number used in Ark runtime	Calculates `acc == false` and stores the result in the acc.
0x15fb	PREF_IMM8	callruntime.ldlazymodulevar +AA	A: slot number	Stores the external module variable of slot A in the acc. This instruction applies only to module variables imported using lazy import.
0x16fb	PREF_IMM16	callruntime.wideldlazymodulevar +AAAA	A: slot number	Stores the external module variable of slot A in the acc. This instruction applies only to module variables imported using lazy import.
0x17fb	PREF_IMM8	callruntime.ldlazysendablemodulevar +AA	A: slot number	Stores the external module variable of slot A in the acc. This instruction applies only to module variables imported through lazy import and appears only in Sendable classes and Sendable functions.
0x18fb	PREF_IMM16	callruntime.wideldlazysendablemodulevar +AAAA	A: slot number	Stores the external module variable of slot A in the acc. This instruction applies only to module variables imported through lazy import and appears only in Sendable classes and Sendable functions.
0x14fc 0x15fc ... 0x2efc	(deprecated)			Deprecated operation code.